We focus our research on main constraints and motives for pro-environmental everyday behaviour and the perception of quality of life of people in Phnom Penh. The standardized measurement of environmental behaviours as well as associated predictors targets a deeper understanding of conditions for environmental behaviour in Cambodia. Furthermore, we focus our research on the measurement of Urban Quality of Life from a people-centered perspective. The main objective is the development of theory-driven, tailored intervention techniques that can foster sustainable behaviours and a notion of a sustainable livability of the urban context in Phnom Penh.

Rationale & Background

Cambodia has been witnessing widespread changes in the economic and societal situation in the recent past. With the availability of more goods and the increasing purchasing power of the emerging middle class (the so-called „new consumers“; Myers, & Kent, 2004), the lifestyle of the Cambodian society changes in regard to environmental issues.

Despite the increasing electricity prices and environmental concerns, the new buildings erected as part of Cambodia’s ongoing construction boom are neither energy-efficient nor adapted to the tropical climate. 

Our research focusses on understanding specific constraints and changing life styles and demands for housing and urban structure of citizens of Phnom Penh.

Theoretical Framework

Our work group focusses on main constraints and motives for pro-environmental behaviour of people in Phnom Penh and cognitive and moral factors that influence the behaviour. The standardized measures of environmental relevant constructs are based on theoretical models as the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991; see figure below) and the Norm-activation model (Schwartz, 1977).

Urban quality of life incorporates different constructs concerning psychological basic needs, psychological stress, coping mechanisms and resilience (Antonovsky, 1987). 

Furthermore, our approach takes social dynamics and local culture into account. We consider the influence of neighbourhood and community activities on the individual life experiences and how the perception of urban quality of life reflects those experiences (Marans, 2012).

The figure depicts two spheres of the context of UQoL: the sphere of the human (people), and the sphere of the environment that surrounds him/her. The manifestation of UQoL depends on the balance between generalized resistance resources and resistance deficits. This balance will determine whether a factor will decrease, is neutral or increase Urban Quality of Life. The sphere of people includes human traits like capabilities, needs and coping strategies. The sphere of the environment includes the designed urban environment (buildings, streets), urban green infrastructures (public parks, recreation areas), and urban governance structures. Furthermore, the impact of climate change will affect Urban Quality of Life as well.

Main Research Question

• What determines the behaviour of Phnom Penh’s urban population in regard to environmentally relevant domains and how can this be used as a starting point to foster sustainable behaviours and sustainable living in accordance with the overall aim to enhance Urban Quality of Life (UQoL)?

Research Sub-Questions

• What are the main drivers and barriers for sustainable behaviours of the middle-class (so-called “new consumers”) in Phnom Penh, and how to address possible contradictions between individual lifestyle preferences and sustainable lifestyles?
• What kind of intervention techniques will be effective in order to foster sustainable behaviours of the new consumers in Phnom Penh?
• What are the main factors (subjective as well as objective factors) that influence Urban Quality of Life in Phnom Penh and how do they interact?
• How to address the mindset of people living in Phnom Penh in order to foster a social norm of sustainable lifestyles?

Insights from the Build4People Definition Phase 

Understanding the Cambodian Context 

Our interviews (as a preparation for our survey) and the first pre-test of the survey gave manifold insights into the contextual factors, the environmental conditions as well as perceptions and experiences of citizens of Phnom Penh. An important insight for us according to the environmental awareness of people in Phnom Penh was the difference between local and global environmental issues. Many local environmental problems such as air pollution were often reported but the connection of one’s own individual behaviour with global environmental problems is usually not considered.

Environmentally relevant behaviours for the daily life in Phnom Penh

After having conducted interviews and workshops during our first research stay, the following environmentally relevant (private sphere) behaviours were identified for the daily life in Phnom Penh: modes and means of transportation, electricity consumption (with a special focus on air conditioning), waste management and the use of plastic.

The Cambodian Concept of Urban Quality of Life and its determinants

Furthermore, the concept of Urban Quality of Life (UQoL) could be set in the Cambodian Context. “Walkability” is one of the determinants within our interdisciplinary approach to the concept of UQoL. Since pathways are also used for shops, as parking spaces, or are in no good condition, walking is not easily possible for citizens in most of the city of Phnom Penh. Another determinant of UQoL is “Urban Green”. By the help of our cooperation with WP#4 on Urban Green, our first insight during the Definition Phase shows that there is a decrease of urban green spaces, in the way that the available green space per person decreases and less people have access to green spaces or are not able to reach them. 

Application of the survey instrument

According to the methodology that we apply within our research design, important insights were gained according to the application of the survey instrument. We discussed for example specificities about the Khmer language with our local partners. During the preparation and translation process of our questionnaire, it became clear that many words used in our research field, especially technical terms, could not be translated unambiguously.

Participation Concepts in Cambodia 

According to the experiences gained from the Build4People Ecocity Transition Lab process the impression arose that participation concepts are rather unknown in the statutory urban planning practice and political context of Cambodia. Architecture and urban planning do not seem to be much people-orientated but with a focus on design.

Development of a curriculum of Environmental Psychology at the RUPP

We had a highly motivated exchange with our cooperation partners at the RUPP (Royal University of Phnom Penh). At RUPP, psychology can be attended as a bachelor’s degree. We are aiming to develop suitable seminar programs on environmental psychology topics such as human-environment interactions or intervention techniques for behavior change within the bachelor curriculum of psychology. Furthermore, by the help of our cooperation with WP#5 on Urban Climate, we will develop a curriculum input to the master of Climate Change.

The three spheres of the Build4People Research and Development Phase

1. The societal and scientific problem-based research sphere
2. The transdisciplinary action research sphere
3. The reflection, refinement & re-integration of created knowledge sphere

WP#1 will contribute to different transdisciplinary Build4People processes and products by feeding in theory-driven and data-based knowledge from the field of Environmental Psychology during all three spheres of the R&D Phase.

Outlook

Main Aims of the RD Phase

The main aim of the Research and Development Phase is to foster sustainable behaviours and sustainable living for people in Phnom Penh. This has to be realized in accordance with the overall aim to enhance Urban Quality of Life (UQoL) for all citizens of Phnom Penh through sustainable urban transformation.

Sub-aims

• Understanding and analyzing problem awareness, environmental concern and environmental behaviours in Phnom Penh.
• Analyzing the main drivers/barriers for sustainable behaviours of the middle-class (so-called “new consumers”) in Phnom Penh.
• Understanding possible contradictions between individual lifestyle preferences and sustainable lifestyles; and developing solutions for reducing these conflicts.
• Development and testing of theory-driven and data-based intervention techniques to foster sustainable behaviours in Phnom Penh.
• Transferring a people-centered psychological understanding of (Urban) Quality of life into a transdisciplinary Model of Urban Quality of Life.

WP#1 is implemented by the Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg and the Department of Psychology, Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP).

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#1 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

CONTACT
Otto-von-Guericke-University • Division of Environmental Psychology • Universitätsplatz 2 • 39106 Magdeburg • Germany
WP Behaviour Change Leader: Dr. Anke Blöbaum (anke.bloebaum@ovgu.de)
WP Behaviour Change Leader: Prof. Dr. Ellen Matthies (ellen.matthies@ovgu.de)

WP#2 in a nutshell
The practice of sustainable building refers to various methods in the process of implementing building projects that involve less harm to the environment preserve natural resources and improve our quality of life (World Green Building Council 2020), as they can improve aspects of the indoor environment, quality of buildings materials and the use of renewable energies, among others (Schwede et al. 2016).

WP#2’s level of analysis concerns the building and building design as part of the solution for moving towards a more sustainable city and an improved UQoL in Phnom Penh. The preferred building typologies in Phnom Penh, identified in the previous Build4People Definition phase, provide an opportunity for both traditional and technical solutions for sustainable and eco-friendly architecture and construction concepts to be adapted into modern forms. A sustainable building approach is considered as a way for the building industry in Cambodia to swift to a more sustainable way of development taking into account environmental, socio-economic and governance issues. Based on the preliminary analysis in the Definition phase, we will consolidate the framework of sustainable building for the Cambodian context for today and will draw up a path for the future sustainable development towards a high level of quality of life in the built environment with a high degree of energy-efficiency, resource efficiency and life-cycle performance. These issues were identified within the project under the aspect of transformation towards better urban quality of life. 

Research Questions 

Guiding Research Question 
How can buildings in Phnom Penh be designed, build and operated in order to enhance urban quality of life and to keep their environmental impact within the sustainable borders today and in future? 

Sub-Questions  

• How do people perceive the residential environment as supportive of their Quality of Life? What is the influence of the occupant on building operation, and which design and technical parameters influence their behaviour and perception? 
• What are the building domains that are relevant for sustainable development and urban Quality of Life in Cambodia today and in the future? 
• Which technological fields need to be advanced as enablers for sustainable transformation, and how can such development be achieved in selected technology fields?  
• How can indoor environmental quality be evaluated, measured and enhanced, both on the user and building level in the specific context of Phnom Penh? How can such an evaluation be applied for building design and policy development? 

Objectives
The goal is to bring balance between the climate and the built environment, with interrelated considerations, such as the climate variables, human health, comfort and technological and architectural solutions in close collaboration with the other WPs. WP#2’s contribution to Build4People’s RD phase will be an effort to bring together all of these different facets of the building, not only within the building design level, but also within a transdisciplinary perspective, addressing not only the above research questions but also related questions from the other Build4People WPs. The objective is not only to provide solutions for building-level sustainability issues but also produce results that can either support or be supported from other WPs, through a holistic and transdisciplinary approach.

This aim is addressed through the following sub-aims:

• In-depth understanding of aspects of urban living related to buildings like comfort, air quality, health and energy, and further resource consumption
• Detailed analysis of the residential use, Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) and the building physics behaviour of the inhabited apartments. Analysis of the interaction between use, functionality, energy consumption and quality of life perception.
• Analysis of the project development, project delivery and building operation. Development of means and instruments to support building sector professionals to reduce environmental impact during the whole life cycle of buildings and their neighbourhoods.
• Development and evaluation of practical interventions and technological solutions based on empirical research of the entire transdisciplinary project team and defining pathways on how to develop technical interventions for the achievement of long-term development goals.

Milestones

• Detailed analysis of the residential use and the building physics behaviour of residential buildings in Phnom Penh
• Definitions of the scope of Sustainable Building in the context of Phnom Penh 
• Technical Roadmap towards Sustainable Building in Phnom Penh
• Final Measurement Analysis and development of localised IEQ-Metrics

CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY

World Green Building Council (2020): The benefits of green buildings | World Green Building Council. Available online at https://www.worldgbc.org/benefits-green-buildings, updated on 9/24/2021, checked on 9/24/2021.

Schwede, Dirk; Waibel, Michael; Hesse, Christoph; Ngo, To Thi Nhien (2016): Promoting Climate Adapted Housing and Energy Efficient Buildings in Vietnam: Chances and Challenges. In Antje Katzschner, Michael Waibel, Dirk Schwede, Lutz Katzschner, Michael Schmidt, Harry Storch (Eds.): Sustainable Ho Chi Minh City: Climate Policies for Emerging Mega Cities. 1st ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 239–258.

Kosow Hannah; Gaßner Robert (2008): Methoden der Zukunfts- und Szenarioanalyse. Überblick, Bewertung und Auswahlkriterien. In: Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung ITZ: Werkstattbericht; 103. ISBN: 978-3-941374-03-4

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#2 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

WP#2 is implemented by Stuttgart University and the Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC). 

CONTACT
Technical University of Applied Sciences Lübeck • Department of Sustainable Building Technology • Mönkhofer Weg 239, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
WP#2 Leader: Prof. Dr. Dirk Schwede (dirk.schwede@th-luebeck.de)
WP#2 Research Associate: Christina Karagianni (christina.karagianni@igte.uni-stuttgart.de)
Main local partner: Dr. Virak Han, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC)

Rationale & Background
There is a rapid and often unplanned urbanisation over the last twenty years in Cambodia. A doubling of urbanisation level is expected until 2030. This leads to an unbalanced population growth, particularly in Phnom Penh, which tripled in the past ten years reaching around 2.1 million inhabitants.
A significant improvement of living standards is expected for the next years, especially of the urban middle class. As a result there is a strong demand for urban renewal and new neighbourhoods with a large socio-cultural, economic and environmental impact. Thus, there is a need to better understand and analyse its causes, patterns and trends.
Based on this, sustainable neighbourhoods are considered as key elements for enhancing the quality of urban life in Phnom Penh and are crucial for climate protection, climate adaptation and resilience.

Theoretical Framework
The following framework projects will be used as background and a starting point:

• The European framework for sustainable urban planning, an EU founded project Ecocity (30 partners, 8 European countries) (Messerschmidt et. al., 2002-2005).
• The city coaching and process design methodology of the EU funded project SNOWBALL – Energy Smart Urban Design (Messerschmidt et. al., 2006-2008).
• The assessment and rating system for Sustainable Urban Districts by the German Sustainable Building Council DGNB including a comprehensive set of criteria and indicators (DGNB, Messerschmidt et. al., from 2009 on).
• Multi-layered neighbourhood development strategies as applied for the UMore Park in Minneapolis in cooperation with the University of Minneapolis.

Research Questions
Our WP investigates how sustainable neighbourhoods (design, construction, operation and management) can contribute to the urban quality of life with special regard to:

• Addressing the cultural heritage of Cambodia, changing socio-cultural conditions and the need for an increased public space area with a high quality of sojourn and liveability for new and existing developments.
• Climate protection by energy-efficient buildings, employing smart energy supply systems and using renewable energy sources on the neighbourhood level.
• Climate adaptation by climate responsive urban design for buildings and open spaces supporting comfort and health.
• Circular economy including sustainable resource management, material flows and water cycles in a blue-green infrastructure.

Outlook
The knowledge transfer of European and international strategies will lead to innovative ways of neighbourhood development in Cambodia and Southeast Asia. 

It is expected that the research results contribute to:

• Raising considerably value to design and to foster the sustainability performance
• Assessment and audits for certification of sustainable neighbourhoods by DGNB or a Cambodian institution
• New multi-layered and collaborative planning strategies for implementing sustainable neighbourhood development
• Dissemination of results through presentations at conferences, scientific publications as well as contribution to the work of the international Green Building Council (GBC).

The joint research of WP#3 is done by Eble Messerschmidt & Partner (EMP) together with the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning at the Pannasastra University of Cambodia (FAUP-PUC).

Furthermore, WP#3 is the leading Work Package dealing with the Build4People implementation partner of the Phnom Penh Capital Hall (PPCH).

REFERENCES

Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) 2019. Phnom Penh Sustainable City Plan 2018-2030.

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#3 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

CONTACT:
EMP • Eble Messerschmidt Partner • Architekten und Stadtplaner PartGmbB • Berliner Ring 47a • 72076 Tübingen • Germany
WP#3 Leader: Dipl-Ing. Rolf Messerschmidt (messerschmidt@eble-architektur.de)
WP#3 Research Associate: Selina Thomas (thomas@eble-architektur.de)
WP#3 Research Associate: Marcelo Rivera Leyton (rivera@eble-architektur.de)

WP#4 in a Nutshell
We link ecological aspects of urban green with social perspectives to increase sensitivity of Phnom Penh’s population for urban green infrastructure and its positive effects on the urban environment. Thereby, we relate to the concept of “Urban Green Infrastructure” (UGI) in Phnom Penh and its peri-urban areas contributing to an innovative city planning and understand UGI as a strategic planning approach that aims at developing networks of green and blue spaces in urban agglomerations or planning zones to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services as defined by the EC’s GI communication. The design, development, and implementation of UGI and an increased sensitivity of the population and the city administration to urban green infrastructure will contribute positively to the urban quality of life in Phnom Penh.

Rationale & Background
The fabric of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) such as parks, city forests, green roofs, creeks and streams as well as community gardens and other natural and semi-natural areas or environmental features provide a broad range of ecosystem services (ESS). Among them are urban heat mitigation, storm water infiltration, local food security, physical recreation, and psychological well-being of residents and visitors in example. The promotion of UGI requires a cross-disciplinary approach bringing together researchers in science, policy and planning.

The Phnom Penh Sustainable City Plan 2018-2030 acknowledges the importance of urban green and includes in section 5.2 the task to double the size of urban green in PP to a minimum of 2.2m² per person in 2030 (GGGI 2019).

Natural and semi-natural environment and other open spaces within city boundaries have been decreasing continuously in Phnom Penh. According to Lang et al. (2008) urban agglomerations can experience a rapid decline in both the quality and quantity of urban green spaces hence negatively affecting the urban green infrastructure. Inadequate urban planning can accelerate this process by unplanned densification of inner cities and spontaneous “leap-frog” development of urban agglomerations at their urban fringes. Urban fringes refer to the transition zone between the built-up area and the countryside, constituting the interface between the consolidated urban and rural areas. It is a zone of mixed land uses, where there is often competition of different land use types EEA (2017a). Unless proper importance is given to the urban green spaces, progressive urban planning and development will lead to a reduction in the overall quality of life in cities (WHO, 2017). Thus, a proper structural (spatial) analysis and functional evaluation of UGI, therefore, requires not only information of its relative spatial quantity in any given area of a municipality, but also a closer examination of UGS in terms of quality, multidimensional functionality and related ecosystem services, which can be derived from its land cover composition and spatial structure. 

As a research result of the thorough comprehensive literature review during the definition phase and technical test-runs concerning the satellite index calculation, it was concluded that with some local modifications, the urban neighbourhood green index (UNGI) introduced by (Gupta et al., 2012) is the most suitable analytical tool for investigating Phnom Penh’s UGI. This is true particularly because of its applicability by local administrations, another goal of the project. The main modification foreseen the change of the entry dataset of urban green and will assign different weights per indicator according to the leading expert interviews of the Phnom Penh Municipality and other local stakeholders. 

WP#4 Guiding research question
The guiding overall research questions is twofold and divided into sub-questions subsequently as follows: 

What is the actual situation, role and function of urban green (infrastructure) in sustainable urban planning in Phnom Penh and how does transdisciplinary, geospatial and citizen science research methods of B4P (WP#4) can improve urban quality of life in Phnom Penh?

Research Sub-Questions

1. What are the spatial dimension, distribution and the inter-connection of urban green space (infrastructure) in the Khans and Sangkats of the Phnom Penh Municipality (core city) and its urban fringe?
2. Is there a spatial relation concerning urban green space distribution and detectable critical hotspots areas of urban heat islands (WP#5) in the Phnom Penh Municipality and the attached urban hinterland or peri-urban area?
3. How can we employ modern IT communication devices to gain people centered perspective of perceived greenness in relation to urban quality of life using a transdisciplinary approach by combining different scientific disciplines (WP#1, WP#4 and WP#5)
4. How can we link objective and subjective data gained from UQoL survey and urban green space analysis and relate those to urban quality of life using a statistical model approach?

WP#4 Aim and sub-aims of the research and development phase 

The main aim of the research phase is to map and to assess urban green (infrastructure), with particular regards to parameters of quality and connectivity of UGS using a geospatial approach in Phnom Penh. Linking the objective spatial results to subjective citizen’s perception and gaining insides into UQoL indicators is among the main milestones and goals of the research phase as follows: 

1.   Compute and operationalize Urban Neighbourhood Green Index (UNGI) parameter to evaluate urban green infrastructure as an important subject for urban planning 

2.   Developing recommendation maps to stimulate the concept of urban green infrastructure within sustainable urban planning processes in order to enhance Phnom Penh‘s resilience through landscape diversity in times of climate change.

3.   Spatial calibration and refinement of the urban green neighbourhood index for open space planning in PNH.

4.  Derive a statistical model to compare the cause and effect from objective and subjective data regarding UQoL.

Milestones of the Research and Development Phase

• Conceptualisation of Urban Neighbourhood Green Index (UNGI) and data collection for the UNGI
• UNGI parameter operationalisation and spatial verification 
• Analysis and application of UNGI for assessing selected neighbourhoods’ 
• Integration of other UQoL parameters into UNGI

Outlook

• Understanding the spatial dimension of the UGS in Phnom Penh concerning 4 parameters (amount of green, type of green, built-up density and height of structures)
• Transdisciplinary understanding of UNGI and advertising the concept of urban green infrastructure among urban planning stakeholders in Phnom Penh
• Informed planning decisions can be taken, as UNGI support, monitoring urban green module integrated into Buld4People Toolbox for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Development 
• Improved assessment of UNGI is enabled, highlighting challenges and opportunities in urban planning processes.

WP#4 is implemented jointly by HNEE (Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde) and the Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) in the Kingdom of Cambodia.

References

EEA, Europe Environment Agency (2017a). Green Infrastructure and Flood Management: Promoting cost-efficient flood risk reduction via green infrastructure solutions.
GGGI, Global Green Growth Institute (2019). Phnom Penh Sustainable City Plan 2018-2030. Phnom Penh.
Gupta, K., Kumar, P., Pathan, S. K., & Sharma, K. P. (2012). Urban Neighbourhood Green Index – A measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 325–335.
Lang, S., Schöpfer, E., Hölbling, D., Blaschke, T., Moeller, M., Jekel, T., & Kloyber, E. (2008). Quantifying and Qualifying Urban Green: by Integrating Remote Sensing, GIS, and Social Science Method. In I. Petrosillo (Ed.), Use of landscape sciences for the assessment of environmental security: Results of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on the Use of Landscape Sciences for Environmental Assessment, 2001-2006 /  edited by Irene Petrosillo … [et al.] (pp. 93–105). Dordrecht, London: Springer.
WHO, Regional Office for Europe. (2017). Urban green spaces: a brief for action.

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#4 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

CONTACT
HNEE • Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development • Faculty of Forest and Environment Alfred-Möller-Str. 1 • 16225 Eberswalde • Germany
WP#4 Leader: Prof. Dr. Jan Peter Mund (Jan-Peter.Mund@hnee.de)
WP#4 Research Associate: Gulam Mohiuddin (Gulam.Mohiuddin@hnee.de)

RUA • Royal University of Agriculture
Local Coordinator: Dr. Sanara Hor, Dean of Faculty of Land Management and Land Administration (FLMLA)

WP#5 in a Nutshell
At first, we aim to generate a climate analysis map that takes the effects of the urban climate in Southeast Asia into account. Based on this informal instrument, a strategy can be developed that includes land use management and climate-relevant recommendations.

The “urban quality of life”, a city worth living in, should always be the focus of attention in climate change, extreme weather events, but also in questions of ventilation and human health.

Rationale & Background
Within the Build4People project urban climate recommendation lead to more sustainable development and sustainable buildings. Consequently, formal planning needs to be addressed with climate information’s. Additional informal planning analyses are needed to be part of the formal procedure. 

The approach to urban climate issues should incorporate a planning approach to urban climate investigation methods and in their presentation of results. 

Further objectives are:

• To increase quality of urban planning and building design with meso and microscale climatic analysis. 
• To improve thermal and air pollution outdoor comfort by using urban climatic recommendation maps and analysis.

Theoretical Framework

Climatic systems describe areas with the same urban climatological characteristics. They are generated and influenced by morphological and city fabric factors. They include thermal load, ventilation and can also evaluate air pollution aspects. The climatope information on the territorial level is then used to specify recommendations depending on existing wind regimes and can also be used to make recommendations for specific planning purposes. 

The underlying methodology for the map is to combine layers, which were deduced from land use maps or other maps, translated to thermal and dynamic aspects with weighting factors. These weighting factors range from building volume to heat storage, greenery to heat budget, openness to ventilation, roughness to wind speed and topographical information.

Research Questions
The task of planning-related urban climatology is to improve  air quality and thermal conditions for a liveable city asking the relevant questions:

• How to reduce urban heat islands (heat island as an indication of thermal comfort / discomfort)?
• How to optimize urban ventilation (air exchange, ventilation lanes), urban planning and urban development for air quality and thermal comfort?
• What is the aim of open space planning?
• Are there possibilities to preserve or to promote fresh air or cold air influx areas to foster air exchange?

Objectives
Within the Build4People project urban climate recommendation lead to more sustainable development and sustainable buildings. Consequently, formal planning needs to be addressed with climate information’s. Additional informal planning analyses are needed to be part of the formal procedure. 

The approach to urban climate issues should incorporate a planning approach to urban climate investigation methods and in their presentation of results. 

Further objectives are:

• To increase quality of urban planning and building design with meso and microscale climatic analysis. 
• To improve thermal and air pollution outdoor comfort by using urban climatic recommendation maps and analysis.
  

The results of WP#5 empirical fieldwork add to existing knowledge in terms of urban climate modeling and contribute to a more thorough knowledge of urban climate patterns within a highly dynamic urban environment under tropical climate conditions.

Outlook
Based on the previous analyses of urban climate conditions following perspectives and plans can be derived:

• Climate recommendations for urban master plans to characterize areas for city for development perspectives.  
• Recommendations for zoning plans or neighborhood plans or blocks with detailed specifications. 
• Recommendation for building design, building sites and building density
• Future perspectives will take the climate change into account, especially for open spaces and input of vegetation types.
  

WP#5 is implemented by the Institute for Climate and Energy Concepts GmbH (INKEK) and the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP).

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#5 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

CONTACT:
INKEK GmbH – Institute for Climate and Energy Strategies • Institut für Klima- und Energiekonzepte
Schillerstrasse 50 • 34253 Lohfelden • Germany
WP#5 Leader: Prof. Dr. Lutz Katzschner (katzschner@inkek.de)
WP#5 Research Associate: Dr. Janalisa Hahne (hahne@inkek.de)
WP#5 Research Associate: Sebastian Kupski (kupski@inkek.de)
Local Research Partner: Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP)

Building upon the literature on urban transitions research, WP#6 will analyze the socio-institutional system of the building industry and assess the current urban governance system.

Based on these analyses, a conceptualization of a governance approach that could initiate and support transformative change towards urban sustainability in Cambodia will be developed.

Following these analytical and conceptual steps, WP#6 will actively support the sustainable urban transformation in Phnom Penh by applying the previously developed approaches, i.e., context sensitive interventions based on transition management or the nurturing of niches in the field of sustainable building and sustainable urban development. These interventions will include a Sustainable Building Arena (SBA) and a Sustainable Building Incubator (SBI) that will be implemented together with local partners, e.g., Phnom Penh Impact Hub. 

BACKGROUND & RATIONALE

Cambodia has been witnessing highly dynamic urbanization processes in the recent past.

However, its current urban development path is considered multidimensionally unsustainable because it goes along with carbon-intense growth – particularly in the building sector, social segregation, environmental degradation, strains on infrastructure, lack of affordable housing, insufficient public service delivery, etc. All this is leading to a less livable urban environment.

Within our project we want to analyze and to explore innovative pathways towards a sustainable urban transformation. We define this as a long-term purposive and vision-led systemic change.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

We draw on a number of conceptual frameworks for analysis, including:

• Multi-level and multi-phase perspectives on transition (niche, regime, landscape) (Geels, 2002),
• Power in sustainability transitions (Avelino 2017),
• Collaborative intermediary organisations in urban sustainability transitions (Hamann & April 2013),
• Transdiscplinary Transition Management Arenas (Noboa & Upham 2018)

and adapt them to the Cambodian Context, considering aspects of informality, external dependency, inclusivity and the politics” of “just transitions” (Swilling 2016, Hansen et al 2018, Sengers & Raven 2014, Wieczorek 2018, Noboa & Upham 2018).

MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS

How can transformative and collaborative governance approaches be developed, employed and analysed in Phnom Penh to support processes of transformative urban and sectoral change in the building sector?

• Which drivers and barriers exist for an urban sustainability transition in Phnom Penh’s building sector? 
• How can local sustainability and liveability discourses be characterized in Phnom Penh? How can de-politicized low-carbon green urbanism and urban liveability discourses then be employed to support transformative change towards urban sustainability in Phnom Penh? 
• How can a sectoral transition of the building sector be brought together with a sustainable urban transformation in Phnom Penh? 
• How does the socio-political and socio-institutional context of Phnom Penh influence transition pathways and to what degree can SUT frameworks from the Global North be applied in this context and how can they be adapted? 

OBJECTIVES

Overall objective:
To co-develop and implement together with local stakeholders a transformative and collaborative governance approach tailored to the local context of Phnom Penh to support processes of transformative urban and sectoral change in the building sector towards sustainability and a better urban quality of life.

WP#6 has a two-tier approach of scientific analysis and of actively supporting change in Cambodia:

Analytical Level

• In-depth understanding of local transition dynamics, the socio-techno-political system of Cambodia’s building sector and Phnom Penh’s urban development regime

Action research level

• Implementation of Sustainable Building Arena, including:
  • Participatory problem framing & development of a shared vision
  • Development of an Urban Transition Agenda

• Implementation of Sustainable Building Incubator
• Facilitation and analysis of transformative experiments

All these will support transformative change towards urban sustainability and towards the realization of the SDGs, particularly SDG11.

OUTLOOK

Based on our previous analysis we will further conceptualize and explore urban governance patterns. Our aim is to influence speed and direction of transition towards urban sustainability with a focus on the building sector.

Thereby, we will draw on approaches of:

• Transition Management (Loorbach et al., 2017) with instruments such as:
  – visioning, backcasting, transition labs (i.e., Build4People Eco City Transition Lab), and

• Strategic Niche Management (Raven et al., 2010, Schot & Geels 2008) with its focus on key niche processes such as:
  – learning, network building & expectation dynamics, as well as the development of niche-regime relations.

WP#6 is implemented by the University of Hildesheim together with the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP).

WP#6 Key References

Avelino, F. (2017) Power in Sustainability Transitions: Analysing power and (dis)empowerment in transformative change towards sustainability, Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(6), pp. 505–520.
Chang, R. and Lu, Y. (2017) Facilitating Systemic Changes Towards Green Buildings: Developing Conceptual Frameworks of Socio-Technical Transitions, Energy Procedia, 143, pp. 301–306.
European Environment Agency (EEA) (2017) Perspectives on transitions to sustainability. Copenhagen: Publications Office of the European Union.
Geels, F. W. (2002) Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study, Research Policy, 31, pp. 1257–1274.
Geels, F. W. (2014) Reconceptualising the co-evolution of firms-in-industries and their environments: Developing an inter-disciplinary Triple Embeddedness Framework, Research Policy, 43(2), pp. 261–277.
Hansen, U. E., Nygaard, I., Romijn, H., Wieczorek, A., Kamp, L. M. and Klerkx, L. (2018) Sustainability transitions in developing countries: Stocktaking, new contributions and a research agenda, Environmental Science & Policy, 84, pp. 198–203.
Loorbach, D., Frantzeskaki, N. and Avelino, F. (2017) Sustainability Transitions Research: Transforming Science and Practice for Societal Change, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42(1), pp. 599–626.
Mendizabal, M., Heidrich, O., Feliu, E., García-Blanco, G. and Mendizabal, A. (2018) Stimulating urban transition and transformation to achieve sustainable and resilient cities, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, pp. 410–418.
Nevens, F., Frantzeskaki, N., Gorissen, L. and Loorbach, D. (2013) Urban Transition Labs: co-creating transformative action for sustainable cities, Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, pp. 111–122.
Noboa, E. and Upham, P. (2018) Energy policy and transdisciplinary transition management arenas in illiberal democracies: A conceptual framework, Energy Research & Social Science, 46, pp. 114–124.
Noboa, E., Upham, P. and Heinrichs, H. (2019) Building a Coalition with Depoliticized Sustainability Discourse: The Case of a Transdisciplinary Transition Management Arena in Peru, Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(1), pp. 84-107.
Raven, R., van den Bosch, S. and Weterings, R. (2010) Transitions and strategic niche management: towards a competence kit for practitioners, International Journal of Technology Management, 51(1), p. 57-74.
Rohracher, H. (2001) Managing the Technological Transition to Sustainable Construction of Buildings: A Socio-Technical Perspective. In Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 13 (1), pp. 137–150. DOI: 10.1080/09537320120040491.
Rohracher, H. (2018) Analyzing the Socio-Technical Transformation of Energy Systems: The Concept of ‘Sustainability Transitions’. In: Gross M and Davidson D (eds) Oxford Handbook of Energy and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45-60.
Rohracher, H. and Späth, P. (2017) Cities as Arenas of Low-Carbon Transitions. Friction Zones in the Negotiation of Low-Carbon Futures. In: Frantzeskaki, N., Castan Broto, V., Coenen, L. & Loorbach, D. (Eds): Urban Sustainability Transitions. London: Routledge, pp. 287-299.
Roorda, C., Wittmayer, J. M., Henneman, P., van Steenbergen , Frantzeskaki, N. and Loorbach, D. (2014) Transition Management in the Urban Context: Guidance Manual. Rotterdam, 49 pages.
Schot, J. and Geels, F. W. (2008) Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 20(5), pp. 537–554.
Sengers, F. and Raven, R. (2014) Metering motorbike mobility: informal transport in transition?, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 26(4), pp. 453–468.
Swilling, M., Musango, J. and Wakeford, J. (2016) Developmental States and Sustainability Transitions: Prospects of a Just Transition in South Africa, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 18(5), pp. 650–672.
Wieczorek, A. J. (2018) Sustainability transitions in developing countries: Major insights and their implications for research and policy, Environmental Science & Policy, 84, pp. 204–216.

Build4People RD Phase Milestone WP#6 R1: Updated bibliographic research and literature

CONTACT

University of Hildesheim • Department of Geograpy • Universitätsplatz 1 • 31141 Hildesheim • Germany
WP#6 Leader: Dr. Michael Waibel (michael@build4people.org)
WP#6 Local Research Partner: Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP)

Internally, coordination ensures trans-disciplinary integration. Externally, the activities are managed with the implementation and dissemination partners reaching out to different target groups to ensure maximum impact.

ORIGINALITY
Sustainability is a transversal issue. To achieve a viable implementation, with a sustained impact, we pursue a trans-disciplinary and holistic approach incorporating innovative methods and expertise from various fields.

The work package teams will cooperate together, share their findings and develop joint deliverables. Tools and products will systematically build upon each other. Learning curves and feedback loops will be incorporated into the project design.

OBJECTIVES
Our project promotes sustainable building and sustainable neighbourhood development in urban Cambodia from a people-centred perspective whose connecting scientific-conceptional, analytical and superior normative bracket is always the quality of urban life.

With this project, our multi-disciplinary team focuses on aligning people’s needs and aspirations with tools to benefit and enhance their living. We believe this will lead to major effects on urban sustainability through more energy- and resource-efficient buildings. The results we seek are no less than significantly lowered pollutant emissions, an increase of urban green, a healthier urban climate, raised awareness among decision makers, modified behaviour among the citizens and an overall better quality of urban life.

Our Build4People Scientific Advisory Board will ensure that our measures are demand-driven and adapted to the local context.

MILESTONES & SELECT RESULTS

• Ensuring integrative research through trans-disciplinarity
• Adapted implementation and dissemination strategy
• Coordinating the cooperation with the implementation and the dissemination partners
• Support Build4People Ecocity Transition Lab series in cooperation with Phnom Penh Capital Hall
• Support to conceptualize urban quality of life
• Coordination of B4P Scientific Advisory Board
• Guiding the development and implementation of the B4P Transformation Toolbox
• Science communication
• Social Marketing Campaign

WP#7 is implemented by the Build4People consortium leader, the University of Hildesheim and the Cambodian Institute of Urban Studies (CIUS).